Co-precipitation Method Research Articles

MnCo2O4 Spinel Nanorods for Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Nitrite.

The rational design of nitrite sensors has attracted significant research interest due to their widespread use and the associated risks of methemoglobinemia and carcinogenicity. The undisclosed nitrite-sensing performance of the spinel cobaltite MnCo2O4 (MCO) prepared by an oxalate-assisted coprecipitation method is reported in this study. Spectroscopy and microscopy investigations revealed the formation of uniform MCO nanorods with a high aspect ratio. The electrocatalytic nitrite oxidation at the MCO-coated glassy carbon electrode (MCO/GCE) indicated the promising performance of the synthesized material for nitrite sensing. MCO/GCE detects nitrite in a concentration range of 5 μM to 3 mM and has a limit of detection of 0.95 μM with a higher sensitivity of 857 μA mM-1 cm-2 in a response time of 4 s. In MCO, the mixed-valence states of Co2+/Co3+ confer a high electrical conductivity, and higher valent redox couples of Mn and Co impart remarkable electrocatalytic activity toward nitrite oxidation. MCO spinel undergoes facile and ultrafast faradaic reactions to mediate nitrite oxidation. Additionally, the mesopores of MCO nanorods facilitate the rapid diffusion of electrolyte and nitrite ions. Employing the electrode in sensing nitrite in milk, lake, and tap water samples further validates its potential application in real-life testing. MCO spinel nanorods showcase promising scope for utilization in the electrochemical sensing of nitrite and inspire further exploration of transition-metal oxide-based mixed-spinel materials.

Constructing a Size-Controllable Spherical P2-Type Layered Oxides Cathode That Achieves Practicable Sodium-Ion Batteries.

P2-type layered metal oxides are regarded as promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their high voltage platform and rapid Na+ diffusion kinetics. However, limited capacity and unfavorable cycling stability resulting from inevitable phase transformation and detrimental structure collapse hinder their future application. Herein, based on P2-type Na0.67Ni0.18Mn0.67Cu0.1Zn0.05O2, we synthesized a series of secondary spherical morphology cathodes with different radii derived from controlling precursors prepared by a coprecipitation method, which can be promoted to large-scale production. Consequently, the synthesized materials possessed a high tap density of 1.52 g cm-3 and a compacted density of 3.2 g cm-3. The half cells exhibited a specific capacity of 111.8 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.1 C as well as an 82.64% capacity retention with a high initial capacity of 85.80 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles under a rate of 5 C. Notably, in situ X-ray diffraction revealed a reversible P2-OP4 phase transition and displayed a tiny volume change of 6.96% during the charge/discharge process, indicating an outstanding cycling stability of the modified cathode. Commendably, the cylindrical cell achieved a capacity of 4.7 Ah with almost no change during 1000 cycles at 2 C, suggesting excellent potential for future applications.

Green and chemical syntheses of silver nanoparticles: Comparative and comprehensive study on characterization, therapeutic potential, and cytotoxicity

The emergence of metallic nanoparticles through green synthesis has garnered significant recognition, shaping global research efforts towards eco-friendly practices, often termed as the green revolution. Specifically, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has made considerable strides in the past decade, becoming a prominent fixture in the realm of science and technology. The study explores the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Cassia fistula L. flowers extract through chemical co-precipitation (CM_AgNPs) and green methods (CFF_AgNPs). Characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), attenuated total reflectance fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealed irregular morphologies with agglomeration, polycrystalline nature, and intrinsic functional groups involved in capping AgNPs. Antioxidant assessment demonstrated superior antioxidative activity (84.48 %) in green-synthesized nanoparticles compared to chemically synthesized ones (75.87 %), and they exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects with IC50 values CFF_AgNPs_30.19 μg/mL and CM_AgNPs _34.14 μg/mL respectively. The lower IC50 value of CFF_AgNPs_30.19 μg/mL signifies finer and better activity due to the presence of phytochemicals present in it. Whereas for CM_AgNPs the IC50 value is a 34.14 μg/mL which is solely due to AgNPs. To ensure the promising therapeutic aspects of AgNPs with a careful assessment of their safety profile, cytotoxicity of AgNPs on HEP3B cancer cells was evaluated through MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level measurement. In the in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation, HEP3B demonstrated more pronounced dose-dependent adverse effects upon exposure to CFF_AgNPs compared to CM_AgNPs. This study underscores the bioactive potential of Cassia fistula L. mediated AgNPs, suggesting promising applications in biomedicine with environmental sustainability. The findings contribute to the growing interest in green synthesis methods for metallic nanoparticles and their potential benefits in various fields.

Efficiency of magnetic zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) modified graphene oxide for lead adsorption.

Simple and efficient removal of Pb(II) ion from aqueous solution through adsorption has accelerated the development of many new composites to improve this popular method. In this study, the composites of graphene oxide (GO), zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), and magnetic materials were synthesized via coprecipitation method utilizing a different molar ratio between FeCl2 and FeCl3 of 1:0.5, 2:1, 3:1.5, and 4:2. The ZIF-8/GO was prepared via room temperature synthesis method prior to its further modification with magnetic materials for ease of separation. It was observed that the MZIF-8/GO2 of molar ratio 2:1 showed the best performance in adsorbing Pb(II) ion. As confirmed by FESEM image, it appeared to be ZIF-8 particles that have grown all over the GO platform and overlayed with Fe3O4 granular-shaped particles. The MZIF-8/GO2 successfully achieved 99% removal of Pb(II) within 10min. The optimum values obtained for the initial concentration of Pb (II) were 100mg/L, pH of 4 to 6, and adsorbent dosage used was 10mg. The Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model were deemed suitable to evaluate the adsorption of Pb(II) using MZIF-8/GO2. Results showed that MZIF-8GO2 achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 625mg/g of Pb(II) adsorption. All parent materials demonstrated a good synergistic effects, while exhibiting a significant contribution in providing active sites for Pb(II) adsorption. Therefore, this ternary composite of MZIF-8/GO2 is expected to be a promising adsorbent for Pb(II) adsorption from aqueous solution with an added value of ease of post phase separation using external magnetic field.

A multiparametric study for size and stability of hybrid Fe 2 O 3 -NiO nanoparticles and their statistical transformation

A multiparametric study for size and stability of hybrid Fe ₂ O ₃ -NiO nanoparticles and their statistical transformation

A comparative study of 3D-printed scaffolds fabricated from different hydroxyapatite sources for bone tissue engineering applications

As a naturally occurring mineral component of bone, hydroxyapatite (HA) is a preferred bone-repair material in clinical medicine. This adaptable biomaterial is developed from synthetic or biological sources. The goal of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and biological properties of scaffolds made from diverse hydroxyapatite sources. We prepared hydroxyapatite powders either from naturally occurring sources, using decellularized bone extracellular matrix (DBECM) and deproteinized bovine bone (DBB), or in the laboratory using the co-precipitation method. Although XRD analysis confirmed the pure phase of HA in all three powders, XRF data found some other trace elements in bone-derived biomaterials, such as magnesium and strontium. Further, FTIR spectra showed DBECM-associated macromolecule peaks. In the second phase of this study, the particles were mixed with sodium alginate to produce bioink for 3D printing via extrusion. SEM photographs of the printed scaffolds showed a grid-like porous structure with large, interconnected pores. Although all of the scaffolds retained their structural integrity after 28 days submerged in the culture medium, DBECM-based scaffolds degraded the most. The test of Young’s modulus and compressive strength of scaffolds revealed that all scaffolds are strong enough to be employed in non-weight-bearing applications. The biological characteristics of the scaffolds were then evaluated via cytotoxicity analysis, SEM examination of cell attachment, MTT assay, ALP activity assessment, immunofluorescence staining, and Alizarin red staining. The results indicated that all three scaffolds provided a surface that promoted adhesion and proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs), as well as stimulated the production of mineralized extracellular matrices. Additionally, our findings showed that scaffolds made from DBECM powders offer the best environment for cell activity. This is most likely due to the presence of trace elements and protein macromolecules in DBECM powders that are not found in DBB and synthetic HA. In conclusion, our comparative study revealed that while all three scaffolds are suitable for bone tissue engineering, DBECM-based scaffolds outperform DBB and synthetic HA.

Preparation of Pt-doped hydroxyapatite via wet co-precipitation method

Preparation of Pt-doped hydroxyapatite via wet co-precipitation method

The preparation and performances of Co-Zn 18H hexagonal ferrite with an ultra-high magnetic resonance frequency and low-loss characteristics

Modern 5G communication technologies require evolution of antennas towards high frequency and miniaturization. The search for magneto-dielectric materials with simultaneous high permeability, matched dielectric constant, and low loss properties for sub-6 GHz band applications has received considerable attention from both academic and industrial circles. Due to the low magnetic resonance frequency and high magnetic loss, traditional spinel and hexagonal ferrites hardly meet these requirements. In this study, polycrystalline Co-Zn 18H ferrites (Ba5Co2-xZnxTi3Fe12O31) were synthesized by co-precipitation method with only one-step sintering process. The polycrystalline Co-Zn 18H hexagonal ferrite possesses an ultra-high natural resonance frequency (14.5 GHz) and low magnetic loss (tanδμ≤0⊡10), which provides a better performance factor (PF= 68.6 GHz) at a higher operating frequency (4.97 GHz) compared to traditional microwave ferrites. The miniaturization rate of the planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) with Co-Zn 18H ferrite working at 4.0 GHz reaches 13.3 %. These results demonstrate the high potential of Co-Zn 18H ferrites for high frequency and low loss applications.

Comparative study between oxide/soft ferrite, oxide/hard ferrite, and soft/hard ferrite nanocomposites: structural, electrical, and magnetic properties

Abstract Three binary nanocomposites (NCs): (0.5NiO/0.5Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4), (0.5NiO/0.5BaFe12O19), and (0.5Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/0.5BaFe12O19) were prepared using the co-precipitation method followed by the wet ball-milling technique. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the production of NiO and Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O single phases, while the α-Fe4 2O3secondary phase appeared in the BaFe12O19 and the 0.5Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/0.5BaFe12O19 nanocomposite. The transmission electron microscopy investigation and the selected area electron diffraction demonstrated the presence of the nanocomposites' constituent phases. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy identified the oxidation states found in the prepared samples (Ba2+, Ni2+, Ni3+, Zn2+, Fe3+, and O2-). The bandgap values ( ) of the nanocomposites are in the range between 2.79 and 3.66 eV, which indicates their semiconductor nature. The DC conductivity experiment confirmed the semiconducting nature of all samples, and the activation energies ( ) and ( ) at high and low-temperature regions, respectively, were calculated from the Arrhenius equation. According to the vibrating sample magnetometer, the NCs exhibited ferromagnetic (FM) as showed by the M-H loops. In the oxide/soft ferrite NC, dM/dH curve indicated strong exchange coupling interactions, while the hard and the soft magnetic phases in the oxide/hard ferrite and the soft/hard ferrite NCs were weakly exchanged coupled. Significant uses had been found for each of the three nanocomposites according to their constituent phases and properties.

Superior antibacterial performance of surfactant-assisted ZnO nanoflakes produced via Co-precipitation method

Microbiological infections are one of the major problems that modern people encounter. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoflakes are excellent antimicrobial agents. The objective of this work was to synthesize ZnO nanoflakes with the assistance of surfactants and investigate the processes behind their antibacterial properties. The experiment involved the synthesis of ZnO using several surfactants, including cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and polyethylene glycol (PEG), and its analysis using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDAX, and BET methods. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains were used in these investigations. ZnO nanoflakes aided by CTAB (R-2) had the most promising action against the tested bacterial strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus cereus. These ZnO nanoflakes with CTAB assistance consistently had greater inhibitory zones than other samples. The R-2 sample’s enhanced surface area and particle size, which result in improved antibacterial activity. The investigation’s outcomes show that the produced nanoflakes have the potential to be useful in antibacterial and other medicinal applications.

Preparation of CeO2 particles via ionothermal synthesis and its application to chemical mechanical polishing

CeO2 is a widely used abrasive for the chemical mechanical polishing of silicon during chip manufacturing. CeO2 can be synthesized via traditional coprecipitation, hydrothermal, and solvothermal methods; however, these methods have some issues, including high vapor pressure, flammability, toxicity, volatile solvents, and narrow heating temperature range. To overcome these issues, we developed a new ionothermal synthesis approach for high-quality CeO2 particles using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate as an imidazole ionic liquid without a template. Based on the scanning electron microscopy and particle size distribution, CeO2 particles synthesized at a reaction temperature of 210 °C for 16 h displayed sizes ranging between 0.1 and 0.3 μm. Additionally, the spherical shapes exhibited good crystallinity, regular morphology, and uniform dispersion. The results of CMP experiments indicated that the abrasives could reduce the surface roughness from 1.63 to 0.29 nm (scanning area is 5 μm × 5 μm). The obtained synthesized CeO2 particles demonstrated promising performance in Si polishing, achieving removal rates of up to 255.5 nm/min. It found that the removal rate of the abrasive prepared by ionic thermal synthesis in Si polishing was twice as much as other abrasives. Further, a possible mechanism was put forward to explain the formation of CeO2 structures with various morphologies. The proposed method presents a new approach for synthesizing CeO2 particles with uniform morphology and excellent polishing properties.

Erbium-based hydrothermal YOF with stark sublevels for in vivo NIR II luminescence nanothermometer

Rare earth luminescent materials have attracted extensive attention in the biomedical field as noncontact temperature monitoring devices with microscopic resolution due to their properties in the visible and near-infrared regions. At the application level, it is required to have a certain temperature monitoring capability in the near-infrared region II window to enhance the tissue penetration depth. Here, two kinds of YOFs: Er[Formula: see text], Yb[Formula: see text] were prepared by co-precipitation and hydrothermal method, and the luminescence was enhanced by ion doping. An Er[Formula: see text]-based ratiometric nanothermometer of 4F[Formula: see text]I[Formula: see text] (672[Formula: see text]nm, upconversion luminescence) to 4I[Formula: see text]I[Formula: see text] (1580[Formula: see text]nm/1566[Formula: see text]nm, NIR II downshifting luminescence) were designed with the Stark energy level. When doped with 2% Zn[Formula: see text], the relative temperature sensitivity of YOF prepared by co-precipitation method was improved from 0.30% [Formula: see text] (30∘C) to 0.59% [Formula: see text] (30∘C), expanding its use as a temperature monitoring device possibility. The temperature sensitivity of YOF prepared by hydrothermal method was 1.01% [Formula: see text] (30∘C). Finally, the NIR II luminescence of the prepared nanothermometer was used as a control for temperature monitoring of heating sites in mice. The results showed that it can distinguish heating site from control site and no significant cytotoxicity or damage to the tissues was revealed, indicating its broad prospects in the biomedical field and other temperature monitoring scenarios in the future.

Electrochemical determination of uric acid in presence of folic acid using synthesized cobalt oxide modified carbon paste electrode

Here, the synthesis of CoO nanoparticle by using co-precipitation method and characterized by XRD, SEM and EDAX techniques. The CoO nanoparticle used as modified carbon paste electrode for sensing the UA in presence of FA. The CoO/MCPE shows the excellence sensitivity towards the determination of both UA and FA. The kinetic electron transfer study of UA and FA shows with good linearity and both electrodes showed adsorption electrode process. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 3.32 µM and 11.1 µM for FA and 6.09 µM and 20.3 µM for UA, respectively. The CoO/MCPE applied for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of UA and FA, the proposed method was used for real sample analysis.

Highly dispersed active sites and strong metal-support interaction for boosting CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

As global energy demand continues to increase and global climate change issues caused by greenhouse gas emissions gradually heat up, the effective conversion of carbon dioxide into high value-added methanol has become a key challenge in the energy and environmental fields. However, due to the chemical inertness of CO2 molecules, it is difficult to activate CO2 at low temperatures, resulting in extremely low conversion rates. Although increasing the reaction temperature is beneficial for the conversion of CO2, there is also competition in the reverse water gas reaction, resulting in lower methanol selectivity. Therefore, developing efficient catalysts is the key to improving CO2 conversion rate and methanol selectivity. In this work, we used zirconium-based UIO-66 metal-organic framework as a precursor, replaced the original terephthalic acid ligand with thermally unstable aminoterephthalic acid, and supported Cu on the MOF precursor by equal volume impregnation method. After heat treatment, the Cu/ZrO2-DM catalyst was prepared. The catalyst was compared with Cu/ZrO2 catalyst prepared by co-precipitation method, hydrothermal method and unmodified Cu/ZrO2-D catalyst. The Cu/ZrO2-DM catalyst exhibited the highest CO2 conversion and methanol selectivity in the hydrogenation reaction, reaching 13.95% and 90.78%, respectively. The main reason is attributed to the large specific surface area of the copper-based catalyst derived from MOF materials, the good dispersion of the active center and the strong interaction between Cu and the precursor. This work may provide a new perspective for the design and synthesis of related catalytic materials for efficient CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.

Structural and Optical Studies on Cr-Doped ZnS Nanoparticles Prepared by Flat Co-precipitation Method

Structural and Optical Studies on Cr-Doped ZnS Nanoparticles Prepared by Flat Co-precipitation Method

Influence of preparation method on structural, optical and magnetic properties of synthesized Zn0.5Mg0.5-xNixFe2O4 nano-ferrite

Abstract Structural, optical, and magnetic properties of ferrite series with chemical formula Zn0.5NixMg0.5-xFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) were investigated. Co-precipitation and sol-gel methods were used to synthesis the samples and to investigate further the influence of these preparation methods on the properties of Zn0.5NixMg0.5-xFe2O4 nano-ferrites. X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the samples crystallize in a cubic spinel structure with space group Fd3m:1. The crystallite size of Zn0.5NixMg0.5-xFe2O4 nanoparticles was decreased from 19.15 to 11.65 nm with increasing Ni content for the samples of co-precipitation method, while the opposite behavior was observed in case of sol-gel method which was increased from 13.90 to 21.90 nm. Moreover, the optical investigation by UV-visible spectroscopy revealed that the energy band gap of the samples of co-precipitation method ranged (6.04 - 6.08) eV compared to (4.44 - 4.50) eV of sol-gel method. For both methods, substitution of Ni+2 by Mg+2 in Zn0.5NixMg0.5-xFe2O4 affects the remanent magnetization (Mr), coercivity (Hc) and saturation magnetization (Ms) suggesting the super-paramagnetic behavior of the samples. The substitution of Ni resulted in small values of coercivity ranged 0.758 to 164.62 Oe. The Ms was ranged 20.39 to 127.57 emu/g and an enhancement in magnetization was observed which increases the value of Ms that was found to be maximum with x=0.4 of co-precipitation method (127.57 emu/g). The magnetic behavior of synthesized Ni doped nanoparticles makes them suitable candidate for sensing and high-frequency applications and for use in hyperthermia treatment. The characterization outcomes may recommend that co-precipitation method is preferred over sol-gel method for refined structure and preferable properties of Zn0.5NixMg0.5-xFe2O4 nanoparticles.

Synthesis of 2D yttrium zinc oxide nanosheets via simple chemical route toward high performance Schottky diode based on large charge carriers density and photoresponsivity

Abstract Yttrium zinc oxide (Zn0.85Y0.15O) nanostructures were stoichiometrically prepared by co-precipitation method. XRD, EDX, XPS, SEM, and TEM spectroscopy were examined to investigate structure, composition, and morphological characteristics. The synthesized nanocomposite exhibited polycrystalline structure with small crystallite size ~ 27 nm in which the particles appeared in sheets like shape with high atomic density on surface. The optical parameters including energy gap (Eg) and refractive index (n) were investigated from (T%) and (R%) measurements through wavelength range from 300-900 nm. Al/Y:ZnO/p-Si/Ag Schottky diode was fabricated using thermal evaporating technique and its current-voltage (I-V) was analyzed using different models. The photodiode showed non-ideal behavior with ideality factor greater than unity and small potential barrier. Under various illuminations, the photodiode has revealed high photosensitivity attributed to trapped charge carriers at the interface. The charge carrier density Nd and built-in voltage Vbi were estimated from Mott Schottky (M-S) function suggesting high Schottky diode efficiency.

Synthesis of Fe-doped ZnO/biochar nanocomposites for Acid Orange 7 photodegradation and antibacterial activity under visible light region

Abstract In the present study, different molar ratios of Fe-doped ZnO/biochar (FZBC) were synthesized using a coprecipitation method. ZnO nanoparticles with a size of approximately 30 nm were well dispersed on the biochar matrix. The bandgap energy decreases from 3.11 to 3.08 eV as the Fe-ion concentration increases from 1 to 7 mol%. Photocatalytic studies demonstrated that FZBC exhibited photodegradation toward acid orange 7 (AO7). FZBC exhibited a photodegradation efficiency of AO7 at a concentration of 10 mg. L-1 (93.17%), which was nine times greater than that of pure ZnO (10.30%). Furthermore, the FZBC materials also demonstrated effective inactivation of E. coli, with an antibacterial rate reaching 98%. Overall, these materials are expected to be cost-effective and suitable for photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial activities.

A green and economic approach to synthesize magnetic Lagenaria siceraria biochar (γ-Fe2O3-LSB) for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution.

In the printing and textile industries, methylene blue (a cationic azo dye) is commonly used. MB is a well-known carcinogen, and another major issue is its high content in industrial discharge. There are numerous removal methodologies that have been employed to remove it from industrial discharge; however, these current modalities have one or more limitations. In this research, a novel magnetized biochar (γ-Fe2O3-LSB) was synthesized using Lagenaria siceraria peels which were further magnetized via the co-precipitation method. The synthesized γ-Fe2O3-LSB was characterized using FTIR, X-ray diffraction, Raman, SEM-EDX, BET, and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) for the analysis of magnetic properties. γ-Fe2O3-LSB showed a reversible type IV isotherm, which is a primary characteristic of mesoporous materials. γ-Fe2O3-LSB had a specific surface area (SBET = 135.30 m2/g) which is greater than that of LSB (SBET = 11.54 m2/g). γ-Fe2O3-LSB exhibits a saturation magnetization value (Ms) of 3.72emu/g which shows its superparamagnetic nature. The batch adsorption process was performed to analyze the adsorptive removal of MB dye using γ-Fe2O3-LSB. The adsorption efficiency of γ-Fe2O3-LSB for MB was analyzed by varying parameters like the initial concentration of adsorbate (MB), γ-Fe2O3-LSB dose, pH effect, contact time, and temperature. Adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamics were also studied after optimizing the protocol. The non-linear Langmuir model fitted the best to explain the adsorption isotherm mechanism and resulting adsorption capacity ( =54.55mg/g). The thermodynamics study showed the spontaneous and endothermic nature, and pseudo-second-order rate kinetics was followed during the adsorption process. Regeneration study showed that γ-Fe2O3-LSB can be used up to four cycles. In laboratory setup, the cost of γ-Fe2O3-LSB synthesis comes out to be 162.75 INR/kg which is low as compared to commercially available adsorbents. The results obtained suggest that magnetic Lagenaria siceraria biochar, which is economical and efficient, can be used as a potential biochar material for industrial applications in the treatment of wastewater.

Synergistic effects in CuO/SnO2/Ti3C2Tx nanohybrids: Unveiling their potential as supercapacitor cathode material

In the field of materials science, a synergistic effect occurs when the combined physical and chemical properties of a composite material show significant improvement compared to the properties of its individual components. In this study, we synthesized a novel nanosheet-like structure composed of copper oxide (CuO) and tin oxide (SnO2) dispersed on MXene (Ti3C2Tx) sheets using an ultrasonicated coprecipitation method, and then we explored its synergistic effects. The CuO/SnO2/MXene nanohybrids were characterized through SEM, HRTEM, XRD, XPS, and BET analysis, confirming successful synthesis and evident synergy between MXene and CuO/SnO2. The electrochemical behaviour of the nanohybrid structure was investigated using different electrochemical techniques. CuO/SnO2/MXene revealed a high capacitance of 683.5 Fg-1 at 1 Ag-1 in a 2 M H2SO4 electrolyte, with 85 % cycling performance after 10,000 cycles. Notably, this performance surpassed that of MXene-Ti3C2Tx and CuO/SnO2 separately, which achieved only 102.8 and 378.2 Fg-1 capacitance with 60 % and 76 % cycling stability, respectively. These incredible results are attributed to CuO/SnO2/MXene nanohybrids' synergistic effects, whereby enhance the surface area, electrical conductivity, and availability of active sites and enhanced electrochemical performance. This research offers a promising solution for advancing supercapacitor electrode materials through the creation of a novel nanosheet structure that leverages synergistic effects.